Method and Apparatus for Surveying with a Feature Location

ABSTRACT

Methods are provided for conducting surveys of regions of interest, points of interest, and objects of interest. The methods typically involve using a survey instrument with programmed logic. The programmed logic may include one or more base of knowledge in an electronically accessible format, and may include statistical analysis software. The survey instrument generally includes a display and one or more sensors. The sensors may include a visible image or an infrared image sensor. The program logic may be used to guide an operator through a survey.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority as a divisional to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/234,982, filed Sep. 16, 2011, titled “Method andApparatus for Surveying with a Feature Location,” the entire content ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

This disclosure relates to inspection and surveillance of an area. Moreparticularly, this disclosure relates to methods and systems for fieldinspections using a handheld sensing apparatus to locate faults or othercharacteristic features.

BACKGROUND

Various construction, demolition, operation, maintenance, preventivemaintenance, and predictive maintenance practices require the inspectionof equipment, facilities, and surface and sub-surface features of land.Often these inspections are conducted by an operator using a hand-held,or at least portable, inspection instrument. The purposes of suchinspections generally include location if an item of interest andassessment of the operational status of the item. Frequently it isdifficult to locate the item, difficult to ensure that the correct itemis located, and difficult to collect data that are necessary andsufficient to accurately and completely assess the status of the item.What are needed therefore are improved systems for conducting fieldsurveys.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a method of conducting a particularsurvey of a region of interest with a programmable survey instrument.The method typically includes a step of selecting a plurality ofelectronic data element requirements for data collection by an operatorduring the particular survey, and electronically monitoring a pluralityof preliminary data element records acquired by the operator using theprogrammable survey instrument. The method generally involveselectronically comparing the plurality of preliminary data elementrecords with the plurality of electronic data element requirements andidentifying at least one missing data element record compared with theplurality of electronic data element requirements for that survey. Themethod may also involve a step of electronically referring to anelectronic base of knowledge and deriving at least one instruction forthe operator regarding how to acquire the at least one missing dataelement requirement using the programmable survey instrument. The methodmay further include electronically monitoring at least one preliminaryadditional data element record acquired by the operator using theprogrammable survey instrument and electronically comparing the at leastone preliminary additional data element record with the at least onemissing data element requirement. The method may also involveelectronically advising the operator when a combination of thepreliminary data element records and the at least one preliminaryadditional data element record conforms to the data elementrequirements.

Also provided is a method for an operator to conduct a survey using aprogrammed survey instrument where the method includes generating atransducer signal in the survey instrument and electronically comparingthe transducer signal with a base of knowledge to identify an object ofinterest. The method generally also includes a step of using programmedlogic to prompt the operator for an interpretation by the operator of anaccuracy of the identification of the object of interest, and usingprogrammed logic to record an operator interpreted finding regardingobject of interest, and reporting the recorded finding.

A further method of collecting information regarding a scene depicted ona display of a survey instrument includes a step of defining a point ofinterest in a scene on the display, and collecting sensory data from thescene such that a larger quantity of data are collected proximal to thepoint of interest and a smaller quantity of data are collected distalfrom the point of interest.

Also provided is a method for conducting a survey to locate a point ofinterest or to locate an object of interest using a programmed surveyinstrument having programmed logic, the method. The method generallyinvolves using at least one sensory transducer to produce at least onesensory signal response, and using the programmed logic to access atleast one base of knowledge and to access the at least one sensorysignal response, and to access relational information. The method mayfurther include processing the at least one sensory signal response toproduce sensory characteristic information derived from at least aportion of the at least one sensory signal response, and then usingprogrammed logic to operate on the sensory characteristic informationand to operate on at least one programmed base of knowledge to recommendto an operator at least one suggested finding. The method may furtherinclude using the programmed logic to operate on the relationalinformation to tag a record of a finding with associated relationalinformation, and using the programmed logic to graphically display ageometric or cartographic representation of the proximity showing the atleast one suggested finding to assist the operator in locating the pointof interest or the item of interest.

Further provided is a method for conducting a survey to locate a pointof interest or to locate an object of interest using a programmed surveyinstrument having programmed logic. Here the method involves using atleast one sensory transducer to produce at least one sensory signalresponse and then using the programmed logic to processing the at leastone sensory signal response to produce sensory characteristicinformation derived from at least a portion of the at least one sensorysignal response. The method generally continues with using theprogrammed logic to perform a mathematical statistical control analysisor a statistical distribution analysis of the sensory characteristicinformation and then using the programmed logic to compare themathematical statistical control analysis or statistical distributionanalysis with an expected result and prompting the operator if thecomparison suggests a false positive or a false negative indication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various advantages are apparent by reference to the detailed descriptionin conjunction with the figures, wherein elements are not to scale so asto more clearly show the details, wherein like reference numbersindicate like elements throughout the several views, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a somewhat schematic depiction of a handheld survey instrumentsuch as a locator;

FIG. 2 is an axisymmetric projection of disproportioned imageinformation on a focal plane;

FIG. 3 is an elliptical projection of disproportioned image informationon a focal plane;

FIG. 4 diagram represents a single lens projecting disproportioned imageinformation on a sensitive focal plane;

FIG. 5 is a somewhat schematic depiction of a multiple lensconfiguration projecting disproportioned image information on a focalplane;

FIG. 6 is a somewhat schematic depiction of a survey instrument used forin-field inspection, including coaxial zoom;

FIG. 7 is a somewhat schematic depiction of a scene and a display forreporting survey findings;

FIG. 8 is a graph showing an exemplary model for calibrating aninstrument or for converting measured values;

FIG. 9 illustrates an operator with a handheld survey instrument withaccessories;

FIG. 10 is a somewhat schematic depiction of high, low, and sporadicresolution information displayed in proximity to a mark.

FIG. 11 is a somewhat schematic depiction of a graphical method forlocating by triangulation.

FIG. 12 is a somewhat schematic depiction of an example of accumulatingrelatively high resolution data.

FIG. 13 is a somewhat schematic depiction of a image formed by astitching together of images or other spatially resolved information;

FIG. 14 is a somewhat schematic depiction of an image illustrating asafety inspection of a right of way; and

FIG. 15 is a somewhat schematic depiction of an image illustrating asafe distance boundary around a potential fault.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description of the preferred and otherembodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which forma part hereof, and within which are shown by way of illustration thepractice of specific embodiments of methods and devices for conductinginspection surveys. It is to be understood that other embodiments may beutilized, and that structural changes may be made and processes may varyin other embodiments.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure incorporate advancementsorganized below under the following categories: a survey instrument,position tracking with at survey instrument, locating with a surveyinstrument, imaging with a survey instrument, optical zoom in a surveyinstrument imaging system, coaxial zoom in a survey instrument imagingsystem, inspection with a survey instrument, analysis with a surveyinstrument, reporting from an operator with survey instrument to acustomer, records worth keeping, and several diagrammatic surveyillustrations.

Survey Instrument.

A preferred embodiment of the present disclosure comprises a handheldsurvey instrument to inspect the vicinity of an area.

For example FIG. 1 diagram represents an isometric outline of handheldsurvey instrument 1 such as a locator used to survey a vicinity of anarea G to locate an object of interest D within the area, andpotentially find a point of interest E associated with the object ofinterest D. An aspect of the present disclosure is to equip an operatorusing as survey instrument 1 to correctly identify the object interest Dand not mistakenly identify another object not of interest F as beingthe object of interest D. If both objects D and F can be detected usingthe survey instrument, then programmed logic uses knowledge baseinformation and to guide an operator distinguishing between them.Ideally the programmed logic using knowledge base information helps theoperator identify which one is the object of interest. Examples ofobjects of interest are such items as a metal part or a machine or otherequipment, a material or an absence of a material, a component, anunderground pipe or cable, or a building component such as in-wall orabove ceiling or below floor or below roof building component. Typicallythe survey instrument 1 is “programmable,” meaning that it is equippedwith software that is programmed to instruct the operator regardingvarious aspects of conducting a survey. In certain applications thesurvey instrument 1 is potentially used to measure or otherwisecharacterize or find certain anomalies.

FIG. 1 depicts the following items: survey instrument 1, housing 2,display 3, keypad 4, handle 5, speaker 6, expanded housing 7, expandedhousing 8, extended housing 9, reference point A, reference point B,tracking point C, object of interest D, point of interest E, object notof interest F, boundary for an area of interest G, programmed logicmodule L, programmed bases of knowledge M, N, O, and P, frame ofreference 507, coordinate system 508 and 509, and reference azimuth 510.

An aspect of preferred embodiments of the present disclosure involves aprogrammable processor circuit having memory with programmed logic Loperating on one of more programmed bases of knowledge. For example M,N, O, and P may correspond to a base of knowledge M having to do withfit, form, function, configuration, operation, and technicalspecification, for an instrument with sensors, accessories, and options;base of knowledge N having to do with application of a survey instrumentin its uses during a particular survey or a particular instrument typeunder a particular set of conditions; a base of knowledge O having to dowith an area to be inspected during a survey including at least boundaryinformation such as coordinate information and reference pointinformation; a base of knowledge P having to do with position trackinginformation such as map information or reference point information.

In some embodiments a base of knowledge may include one or more databases that may be accessed electronically.

As used herein the term “particular survey” refers to a survey having adefined set of data element requirements for which data collection by anoperator is desired. Such data element requirements generally dictatethat certain specific survey instruments be employed. It is important toensure that when a survey is conducted data element records arecollected by an operator for every data element requirement. Typically,the survey instrument is programmed with a list of data elementrequirements, and is programmed to electronically compare the dataelement records collected by the operator with the data elementrequirements. If any data corresponding to any data element requirementis missing, then the instrument is typically programmed to prompt theoperator to collect the missing data. Often, the survey instrument isprogrammed to electronically refer to an electronic base of knowledge toderive an instruction for the operator regarding how to acquire datacorresponding to the missing data element requirement. For example, ifthe location of a particular underground pipeline is missing, aninstruction may be derived by the survey instrument software using abase of knowledge of boundary information to direct the operator to“Search the eastern right-of-way on Highway 58 between Fairfax Streetand Gibraltar Street.”

A particular survey is typically conducted at a region of interest. A“region of interest” is a specific geographic location. A specificgeographic location may be may be a large area such as “Watts Bar Lake,”or it may be a smaller area such as “Parcel 34A, Lot B,” or it may be asmaller yet area such as “Room 36 of Building 749.” A specific locationmay be an even smaller space, such as “video card Serial Number22436841,” or it may be a microscopic space such as “yellow cells inpathology slide N-45231.” A “reference location” in a region of interestmay be identified by such procedures as indicating a position of acursor on a display of a scene or by identifying a physical locationwithin a region of interest. So for example, the survey instrumentsoftware may position a cursor on a display of a scene in order todirect an operator's attention to a reference location in a region ofinterest. A reference location in a region of interest may be comparedwith a missing data element in order to derive an instruction for theoperator. For example, if a data element requirement is a temperature ofa transformer and that data element is missing, an instruction may bederived by the survey instrument software using a base of knowledge oftransformer locations to direct the operator to “Proceed to electricalpole 437 and measure the temperature of the transformer on that pole.”

Bases of knowledge may be physically located in memory on the surveyinstrument or may be in memory on another field device or may be locatedin memory on a wireless or wired network accessible client or server.The following are examples of several bases of knowledge M, N, O, and Pon which the programmed logic L may operate:

A first example base of knowledge is a locator base wherein the baseincludes knowledge to use a survey instrument to locate or identifyobjects of interest, and sometimes to locate or identify objects not ofinterest, in order to guide the surveyor. This base of knowledgetypically includes information describing survey instrument sensorsignal characteristics and other operator detectable or observablecharacteristics (a) corresponding to an object of interest, (b)corresponding to an object not of interest, (c) corresponding tointerferences, and (d) corresponding to other aspects particularly fordifficult locates.

A second example base of knowledge is a checklist base wherein the baseincludes knowledge to compile a checklist to guide the surveyor. Thisbase of knowledge typically includes information describing best oraccepted practice steps or actions or sequences in which to one mayreasonable conduct a particular inspection or other survey using one oranother survey instrument. It also includes information about thingsthat should not be done or may be skipped during a best or acceptedpractice survey, inspection, or search to locate operation.

A third example base of knowledge is a map base wherein the baseincludes knowledge to prepare a map to guide the surveyor. This base ofknowledge typically includes relational information associated withcoordinate systems, frames of reference, azimuths and other geometricrelationships between items, spatial proximities, distances, elevations,and the like. Many kinds of information are typically spatially relatedsuch that programmed logic L can interpret and send graphical userinterface instructions to a graphical display 3 and thereby provided theuser with a visual indication of that kind of information proximate toone or more other items represented on the display 3. Items may berepresented in proportionate or disproportionate arrangement dependingon preferences and limitations.

A fourth example base of knowledge is an operator instructions basewherein the base includes knowledge to prepare step-by-step instructionsto guide the surveyor. This base of knowledge typically includescomputerized maintenance management (CMMS) or other preventivemaintenance (PM) or predictive maintenance (PdM) procedures for conductof a survey or inspection or locate process following acceptedpractices.

Note that reference points A and B are shown in FIG. 1 to be inside andoutside the area of interest G respectively, but both could be inside oroutside the boundary of the area of interest G depending on a givensituation. Note also that tracking point C is shown associated with theextended housing 9, but this could be associated or integrated orattached with the operator or with any portion of the housing 2, 7, 8,or 9.

The housing 2 is ergonomically designed for operator comfort andconvenience while confining and protecting display 3, user keypad 4,speaker 5, internal circuits, computational processors, memory, positiontracking apparatus, wireless transceiver and antenna, universal serialbus port, IrDA port, removable memory, camera, and sensing transducers.The housing 2 has expanded housing portions 7 and 8 and extended housingportion 9, each of which may be further divided into sub-compartments,is useful for containing one or power storage or power convertingdevices such as batteries or capacitors, communication devices,transmitters or receivers for signal communications.

It is envisioned that the wireless transceiver and antenna may be basedupon a cellular communication infrastructure or an internet serviceprovider or another radio or microwave or equivalent wirelesscommunication system. Wireless communication such as Bluetooth or IrDAor equivalent may be used to provide signal linkage between detachedportions of a survey instrument inspection system such as between asensor and a housing or between a position tracking reference point anda position tracking electronic circuit associated with a surveyinstrument housing portion 2 or 7 or 8 or 9. The extended housing 9 isparticularly useful for housing spatially separated transducers commonlyused for locating underground utilities.

Surveying transducers are typically individual or combined, remote,non-contact, non-intrusive and non-destructive sensing detectors used todetect, locate, characterize, dimension, or otherwise measure an aspectof an object of interest D or a point of interest E are selecteddepending on sensor function and capabilities compared with surveyinginstrument design and surveying application requirements. It is commonfor the operator using a survey instrument with survey transducer tofollow a predictable path such as a line or other pattern along anobject of interest or in the vicinity of an object not of interest whenthe operator is attempting to locate or measure a point or points ofinterest expected to be associated with an object of interest or anobject not of interest. Some examples for a survey transducer or for asuite of survey transducers to be used in a survey instrument toaccomplish sensory detecting, distinguishing, and locating objects arethe following: optical detector, visible imager, infrared imager, pointradiometer, beta radiation detector, gamma radiation detector, x-rayradiation detector, other electromagnetic radiation detector, alpharadiation detector, passive ultrasound detector, pulse-echo ultrasounddetector, audible sound detector, vibration detector, LYDAR or otherlaser or optical distance detector, laser profiler, 3D laser scanner forcloud mapping, gas analyzer, laser gas detector, flame ionizationdetector, thermal imaging gas detector, smoke detector, particlecounter, eddy-current probe or other electromagnetic induction sensor,ferromagnetic induction sensor, time-resolved sensory measurement inpresence of switching magnetic fields, relative permittivity sensor,capacitance sensor, x-ray fluorescence detector, fluoroscopic detector,Hall effect detector, flux coil, giant magneto resistance (GMR)detector, other magnetic field detector, surface acoustic wave detector,ground penetrating radar, orthogonal or rake antenna, ball marker withdetector, voltage detector, or current clamp.

The surveying transducers selected for use in an instrumentconfiguration for a particular survey are typically selected based onthe intended uses of the survey instrument for detecting, locating,evaluating, and/or finding anomalies or faults associated with things ofinterest and for distinguishing these things from things not of interestand from background and from interferences and sensory noise. Detecting,locating, evaluating, finding faults or anomalies and distinguishingobjects of interest is commonly accomplished using a combination of (a)sensory signal processing and presentation to an operator, together with(b) operator action and (c) operator interpretation. An object ofinterest typically has a substance and/or structure, but a point ofinterest may be a void that has no substance or structure. A void may bean anomalous aspect of a point of interest.

Sensory signal processing and presentation typically begins withtransducer sensory signals which are responsive to physical, chemical,electrical, or magnetic properties or other characteristics of objectsof interest, objects not of interest, background and anything else thatis either real or perceived within a vicinity of the survey instrumenttransducer. Sensory signals perceived by the survey instrument serve toenhance, complement, and supplement an operator's human senses. Atransducer, or a suite of transducers used with a survey instrument, istypically selected and adjusted for use in a particular surveyinstrument for particular kinds of surveys based on that sensor's orsensor suite's signal responses to one or more things in the followinglist: a reflected light characteristic, a metal characteristic, an oxidecharacteristic, a ferrous metal characteristic, a nonferrous metalcharacteristic, a density variation in solid or liquid matter, a void orgas in matter, a liquid in a solid substance, a solid in a liquidsubstance, particulates or inclusions in a liquid or gas or solidsubstance, a crystalline morphology or a variation of crystallinemorphology in a substance, an amorphous morphology in a substance, adistinctive man-made geometric characteristic such as substantiallylinear or tubular or rectangular or circular or predictably symmetricedge shape, an A/C or a D/C magnetic field response, an A/C or a D/Celectric field response, and induction response, a temperaturecharacteristic, an emissivity characteristic, a relative permittivitycharacteristic, a capacitance characteristic, a paramagneticcharacteristic, a particular dimension or proportion or aspect ratiocharacteristic, an atomic mass unit characteristic, a molecular weightcharacteristic, an electrical conductivity or resistance characteristic,an ionic mobility characteristic, a dielectric strength characteristic,a load response characteristic, an electromagnetic energy attenuationcharacteristic, a sonic or ultrasonic energy attenuation characteristic,an electromagnetic radiation characteristic, a beta radiationcharacteristic, a gamma radiation characteristic, an alpha radiationcharacteristic, a neutron radiation characteristic, an absorption crosssection characteristic, energy dispersive x-ray or other x-ray radiationcharacteristic, an oxidation characteristic, an optical transmissioncharacteristic, an optical emission characteristic, an opticalreflection characteristic, an optical color characteristic, afluorescence characteristic, a phosphorescence characteristic, a thermalexpansion characteristic, a damping characteristic, a vibrationcharacteristic, a resonance characteristic, or a combination of one ormore of these. Those skilled in the art are able to detect, to measure,and when practical to isolate one substance or structure from another

Sensory signal processing and presentation typically involves stepsoutlined in Table 1. The sensory signal processing steps are not inparticular order. The steps typically include the following things:processing an analog signal from a sensor, if analog then converting theanalog signal to a digital signal, enhancing signal information,discarding noise information, interpreting signal information,processing of interpreted signal information by programmed logic toassist operator in detecting items of interest and distinguishing itemsof interest from items not of interest and from background and frompossibly false indications, determining a coordinate system or otherlocation associated with a position of the indication, and displaying amap location of the object relative to other things within a surveyoperation.

TABLE 1 Activities listed for processing sensory signal information Listno. Activity (not in particular order) 1 Receiving information about anobject of interest 2 Producing a sensor signal 3 Processing the sensorsignal to produce sensor signal information 4 Enhancing sensor signalinformation 5 Discarding noise information 6 Using programmed logic toprocess sensor signal information and detect a possible indication of apossible object 7 Using programmed logic operating on a knowledge baseto compare the possible indication of a possible object with informationfrom the knowledge base 8 Using programmed logic operating on thepossible indication and on the comparison results to assist an operatorwith detecting an object 9 Using programmed logic operating on theindication and on the comparison and the detection to assist an operatorwith distinguishing between an object of interest, an object not ofinterest, a background, and a false indication of an object 10 Usingprogrammed logic operating on a detected object to associate a relativeproximity for the object 11 Using programmed logic operating on theproximity for an object to instruct a display driver to display agraphical representation for the proximity

Sensory signal processing is sometimes a passive, wherein a detector isreceiving sensory signal information transmitted from objects. Someexamples include airborne sound or ultrasound, black-body radiation,structural vibration, optical appearance, and electrostatic charge.Sensory signal processing is sometimes active, wherein a sending unittransmits energetic information that is reflected, bounced, absorbed andre-radiated, or in some other way is used to illuminate a presence or anabsence of an object. Some examples include pulse-echo ultrasound,Doppler measurement, radar, sonar, LYDAR, impact resonant vibration anddamping detection, ball-marker detection, fluorescence, phosphorescence,and energy dispersive x-ray.

Sensory signal processing may provide indications such as “yes” or “no”or “maybe” when a sensor detects an item; or it may provide a range ofamplitudes or a range of frequencies or another distribution of signalrange to convey a potentially meaningful characteristic such as range orsize or angle or another graduated measurement aspect.

Sensory signal processing may be intended for programmed logicalinterpretation and possibly for audible or graphical presentation to auser in the form of a lone point or area measurement (such as a singlepixel) or as an array of measurements (such as a line of pixels) or as atwo dimensional array of measurements (such as a two dimensional focalplane array) or as a three dimensional array of measurements (such as ageometric volume spatial array) or as another meaningful presentation ofmeasured data.

Signal processing is typically accomplished with close association to aframe of reference and coordinate tracking system. It is important toprocess signals and tag a location at which items of interest, items notof interest, and other detections are found, and associating thesethings with the frame of reference and coordinate system. A handheldsurvey instrument is normally carried or otherwise transported by anoperator; and measurement detection is performed, first at one surveyinstrument location, then at another, and another, and so on. As will bedescribed in the following paragraph, an operator often uses a swingingmotion or walking motion, or other movement while viewing sensor signaloutputs in order to accomplish the survey and in order to locateobjects. This way the operator senses objects of interest, objects notof interest, and background, as well as interferences and falseindications, as positional locations are varied. The operator typicallyvalidates or rejects these finds as they come up during a survey usinghis or her human judgment and interpretations.

Operator action. Survey instruments assist an operator to detect,locate, and find anomalies or other faults. Survey instrumentssupplement an operator's visual sight, audible hearing, and touchperceptions by audibly indicating and graphically displaying meaningfulthings for interpretation by the operator. It is the operator'sresponsibility to transport the survey instrument within sensory rangeof detectable objects. Depending on sensors and measurementcapabilities, it may be necessary for the operator to swing or otherwisemove the sensor in one direction or another such that a locate can beaccomplished.

Operator interpretation. The present disclosure divides interpretationbetween programmed logic and operator judgment to take advantage of corecompetencies and avoid significant limitations of the human and theprogrammed device. Humans are error prone, bored by highly repetitivetasks, relatively slow, and sometimes miss or overlook or misinterpret adetectible signature from as sensor signal. Programmed logic is limitedin scope of its “interpretation” and bases of knowledge. Programmedlogic is tireless, capable of relatively error-free repetitive analysisand relatively good speed and precision. Human judgment is ideal forunderstanding principles, comparing and contrasting information even inpresence of too much data or conflicting data or missing data,identifying changing conditions, and assessing how and why these thingsmay influence sensory measurement based on widely varying experiences.

As previously noted, it is important to ensure that when a survey isconducted data element records are collected for every data elementrequirement. In addition, when measurements are made with surveyinginstrument transducers, it is important to qualify acceptable data fromunacceptable or out-of-bounds data. This generally involves programmingthe survey instrument with acceptance criteria for specific data elementrequirements, and then electronically monitoring preliminary dataelement records that are acquired by the operator using the surveyinstrument, and then electronically comparing the data element recordswith the acceptance criteria for the data element requirements todetermine if the acquired data records are acceptable. Out-of-bounds(i.e., unacceptable) data may, for example, be identified statisticallysuch as by statistical process control (SPC) or by other statisticalmethods such as a sorted cumulative distribution of a measurand datapopulation. Other ways to qualify acceptable measurements is bycomparing against signal to noise level or against signal strength or tocompare against tolerance bands or to compare against informationderived from reference data. Still other methods for validating ameaningful measurement having sufficient resolution for applicableinterpretation may be chosen as well. When data is out of bounds asurveying instrument may be programmed to appropriately prompt anoperator. For example the surveying instrument may be used to manuallyor to automatically collect a different reading for comparison with orreplacement of an out-of-bounds measurement.

Embodiments of the present disclosure combine visible and/or infraredimaging with other remote sensing technologies. Furthermore theapplication of coaxial zoom, which is advantageous for wide angle “bigpicture” association of items within a vicinity of an area G and forcloser inspection of certain objects of interest D and points ofinterest E, is introduced and discussed later in this application.

Some embodiment of the present disclosure involves assisting an operatorperforming an inspection of the vicinity of an area by use of a vest orpockets or other conveniences to protect items and secure them to aperson while going to and from and performing a survey. An example isreflected in FIG. 9 showing a handheld survey instrument 420 carriedalong with device worn on a human body to facilitate freeing an operatorto perform multiple functions in the field such, I this example it is abelt with accessory clips 430, and accessories 440 such as a wirelessprobe similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,078,874 ortransmitters or receivers or markers or other devices or consumableitems needed for a survey of a vicinity of an area. It is important toconsider the conditions surrounding a survey inspection of a vicinity ofan area most often require one individual walking more than onekilometer carrying many items to conduct a survey needed includingbatteries or another type of self-contained electrical power generatingor converting or scavenging system sufficient to support the surveyinstrument and accessories.

Position Tracking with a Survey Instrument.

A housing portion contains the position tracking apparatus. That portionor an associated portion, such as the extended housing 9, furthercontains one or more transducers for making sensory contact with anobject of interest D, and more specifically at a point of interest E onthe object of interest D.

In addition to selecting a sensor type based on sensor function andcapabilities, one must also decide how to best employ the sensor type.Some sensors are passive, which means they are capable of making sensorycontact with an object or interest D or a point of interest E or avicinity of an area G wherein there is not an interest by receivingsignal information such as infrared or visible electromagneticradiation, or audible or ultrasound sonic energy, or magnetic orelectromagnetic flux fields, or the like without input stimulation inthe system or the vicinity of an area G. On the other hand, some sensors(possibly even the same sensors as ones used for passive sensing) arevery effectively used in active measurement conditions wherein an activestimulation is used to figuratively illuminate the object of interest Dor point of interest E or a vicinity of an area G wherein there is notan interest. For example sondes or other markers or transmitters areoften used to identify a point of obstruction E in a pipe D. For anotherexample visible or infrared lighting is often used to with visible orinfrared detectors. For yet another example alternating voltage and/orcurrent may is sometimes used to stimulate perceivable electric ormagnetic field signal information. For one more example, pulse-echoultrasound signal is often used along with a coupling such as a fluidmedium to perceive invisible surfaces and measure such things as athickness, a depth, a diameter, a layer, a void, or a defect.

Tracking point C has to do with identifying a location of an operatorand/or a survey instrument 1 or a part of a survey instrument such as anextended housing portion 9. This identifying a location is typicallyrelative to a reference point A and/or reference point B and or otherreference points either inside or outside an area of interest. Forexample a global positioning system (GPS) is useful for identifying alocation outdoors within say 10 meters and with intermittentdependability due to interruptions or interferences commonly associatedwith GPS. For another example a range and azimuth from a known referencepoint (A, B, or other) or triangulation among multiple reference pointsare well known ways to locate a point in 2D or 3D spatial coordinates.Determining a range and or an azimuth from a known point of referencemay be done various ways such as a physical wheel, an optical trackingsystem (analogous to an optical mouse), electro-mechanical gyroscope,vibration gyroscope, fixed point plus range detector, and fixed point(s)plus RF triangulation. One approach herein is to constantly determineones position relative to one or more reference points. A similar butdifferent approach is to track displacement by integrating velocityand/or double integrating acceleration. The latter approach may or maynot retain association with fixed earth reference points like GPS orbenchmarks or the like, and instead identify a location in more of arelative manner such as from a last static position, or from the timewhen a button was pushed by an operator.

Actively sensed position tracking determinations (as well as othermeasurements) may be facilitated by using an active signal generatorsuch as an ultrasonic warbler or an electromagnetic signal generator ora laser ranging device or equivalent. An active signal generator mayserve as reference points A or B, particularly when its signal can beinterpreted to derive either a range or an azimuth direction or anelevation. In this case it is helpful to establish a benchmark locationand spatial orientation for this active signal generator and recordcoordinate type information about this location for association with itsuses.

In some embodiments an actively sensed reference point is self-poweredand self-contained module, such as segment portion, of expanded housing7 or 8, which an operator may detach from a survey instrument 1 andplace at a desired reference point location point A or B or E tofacilitate either a position tracking or a locate or a measurement or animage or a report record.

Locating with a Survey Instrument.

Locators such as those described in cited prior art references arecapable of locating underground pipes and cables, and estimating depthsand angles from the locator to the object of interest D or point ofinterest E. When speaking about locators, it is common to refer to asensor indication showing an object of interest or a point of interestas a “locate”.

In preferred embodiments of the present disclosure this locationinformation is physically and dimensionally associated with identifyinga location of an operator or survey instrument. This supports mapping,reporting, and analyzing discussed later in this application.

The diagrammatic representation of tracking point C includes an arrowrepresenting plumb-line-orientation pointing downward along an axis suchas that of an extended housing portion 9. This exemplary diagram conveysa sensor orientation that is perpendicular to a horizon, important forsome measurements such as elevation and depth and locate-angle. Levelsensing, azimuth sensing, range sensing, triangulation, and redundancyof overlapping locate and track measurements all combine for moreeffective measurement, analysis, and reporting according to embodimentsof the present disclosure.

It is envisioned that some device resources may be shared betweenposition tracking and locating systems associated with a surveyinstrument. For example a display 3 may be used for both functions,assisting the operator with identifying his or her location and withfinding things within a vicinity of an area G and with designating wherean area G may be found within a bigger picture view. For another examplean azimuth indicating technology may be used to support both tracking alocation and locating an object of interest D or a point of interest E.When device resources are shared between position tracking and locatingsystems, a switching circuit is used to manage power supplied andconserve battery life such that lower power is used when lower power isneeded, high power is used when higher power is needed, and very lowpower is used when neither one is active.

Actively sensed locate determinations (as well as other measurements)may be facilitated by using an active signal generator such as anultrasonic warbler or an electromagnetic signal generator or laserranging device or equivalent. In certain applications it is important toassociate spatial orientation and position with a survey instrumentposition tracking system or with reference points A or B.

Alternative embodiments of the present disclosure may employ splitconfigurations, separating an associated arrangement that isdiagrammatically shown in FIG. 1. For example display 3 may befunctionally separated using from the housing of survey instrument 1using wireless communications linkage. Furthermore a wireless networkmay be used to transmit data among and between memory lactations andthereby bases of knowledge M, N, O, and P may be off-board or on-board.This is also relevant for programmed logic L and other memory accessibleinformation.

Several embodiments are capable of incorporating statistical techniquessuch as those disclosed in ASTM D7720-11 and in its cited references toassist a user with locating an anomalous condition or a substance or astructure. Statistical techniques are potentially advantageous comparedwith simpler techniques such as thermal image hot-spot detection forfinding anomalous conditions detectible with excursions in temperatureor emissivity. For example statistical techniques may help identifyfalse negative results in field of data measurements similar to themanner in which they detect anomalous pixels. In effect such statisticaltechniques may also increase the likelihood of accurately detecting atrue anomaly in a field of view because nearby pixels confirm a possibleindication. For another example, the statistical techniques may assistan operator to (A) detect and/or (B) identify certain anomalies orsubstances or structures. For example this technique may be applicablefor thermal images of hot spots in far away objects like powertransmission and distribution lines or anomalous points found associatedwith an underground line. While statistical techniques may be used tofind a faulty pixel compared to its neighbors a more helpful techniquemay be to look for an anomalous or a substance or a structure that maybe detected first with one portion of a sensory device and later with adifferent location on or with a different device. Statistical techniqueslike these may prove that an event is actually present in the outsideenvironment and not associated with a performance anomaly of a sensorytransducer such as a focal plane array.

Imaging with a Survey Instrument.

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure integrated visible and/orinfrared imaging locating, detecting, measuring, and position trackingusing a survey instrument.

Focal plane array infrared imaging cameras are commonly used forsurveillance and for inspections wherein variations in materialtemperature, emissivity, or absorptivity, may be interpreted to provideuseful information. For example elevated temperature at or near thelocation of an electrical switch can be indicative of bad electricalcontacts. For another example, variations in materials' infraredemissivity, absorptivity, and reflectivity characteristics can enhanceday- or night-vision capability of thermal imaging cameras, allowingoperators to better distinguish physical presence of certain solid,liquid or gaseous materials even when these materials are at similartemperature.

It has previously been mentioned that imaging technology may be used foridentifying a moving location analogous to the way an optical mousetracks a position where a shallow angle infrared light source isreflected off of a surface and then detected by a rapidly responsiveinfrared detector array supported by a digital signal processor capableof tracking changes in displacement and direction. That approach aloneis insufficient for the present disclosure because of large spatial andphysical irregularities. According to the present disclosure activeinfrared illumination is not preferred. Instead passive infrared orvisible light radiation or both are used to track and meter eitherrelative displacement and direction or speed and direction oracceleration and direction or a combination of all three.

Imaging of in-field markings such locates or findings applied to groundsor walls, and subsequent documenting and reporting of these images andassociated data are important survey activities. Surveyors record theirfindings electronically, on paper, and on the surfaces of ground,asphalt, building, or other vicinity of an area being surveyed. Cameraimages provide a direct association between the physical markings at thesurvey vicinity with electronic and paper records. This removes doubt asto the completeness and exactness of a survey. By adding identifyinglocation information alongside image identifying information it becomeshighly unlikely that images will be mixed up or inadvertently misused.

While on a survey covering the vicinity of an area, visible and infraredimaging adds particular value by readily documenting things not expectedto be found in the vicinity of the area G. Visible imaging using stillor video format is capable of documenting either 100% inspection of anarea survey including all normal conditions detected, or of documentingonly a very small percentage of an area survey where exceptions, faults,or other anomalies were detected.

Infrared imaging offers advantages for effective application in alllighting situations and sometimes also provides advantage of identifyingdifferences in emissivity or temperature or identifying absolutetemperature. These things are often important distinguishingcharacteristics for locating, identifying, and measuring meaningfulcharacteristics during a survey.

Visible imaging offers advantages of convenience, human familiarity andinterpretation, and wide range of distinguishing capabilities amongobjects of similar temperature and emissivity.

Optical Zoom in Survey Instrument Imaging System.

It is common practice for field users of infrared imaging cameras to goto the field carrying a handheld un-cooled focal plane array infraredcamera with a single infrared transmitting lens configuration, whereinthe lens is capable of focusing infrared image information onto aninfrared energy sensitive focal plane array, but wherein the lensconfiguration is not capable of zooming and thereby substantiallychanging the overall field of view (FOV) angle. Therefore this user isobliged to get physically closer to or farther away from the object ofinterest in order to establish a desired perspective using an FOV asprojected through that infrared capable lens configuration onto thesensitive focal plane.

It is possible for operators with particular infrared imaging cameras toswap out lenses in the field so that a different magnification or FOVmay be observed using a single infrared camera. The process of fieldswapping of lenses is time consuming and cumbersome, increases cost andcomplexity, and may require thermal image radiometric calibrationcorresponding to separately to each image arrangement.

The present disclosure advances the art for inspection and surveillanceby addressing needs for simpler, more robust, and more affordableco-axial optical zoom to deliver relatively higher and lowermagnifications through lens optics avoiding use of traditionalmechanical zoom adjustments and thereby assisting a user with aninspection or surveillance application that calls for greater opticalinformation nearby a point of interest.

Operator selection to identify what object of interest and what result asurvey in the vicinity of an area is intend to find as results.

Device selects among the available sensing technologies those mostlikely to find the object of interest.

A device having a camera incorporates a zoom capability such as coaxialzoom to provide a wider field of view for association of objects in thevicinity of an area and narrower field of view for an object of interestD and a point of interest E.

Coaxial Zoom in a Survey Instrument Imaging System.

The following detailed description is exemplary in nature and is notintended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of thedisclosure in any way. Rather the following description providespractical illustrations for implementing exemplary embodiments of thepresent disclosure. In the foregoing detailed description, thedisclosure has been described with reference to specific embodiments.However it may be appreciated that various modifications and changes canbe made without departing from the scope of the disclosure as set forthin the appended claims.

One aspect of the present disclosure is a user selectable co-axialoptical magnification made possible by lens optics whichdisproportionately project image information onto a sensitive focalplane detector. A software transformation is used to model and correctthe resulting image distortion. According to this aspect of thedisclosure proportions of a projected image are more highly magnified invicinity of a central axis relative to portions of the projected imageat an outer periphery away from the central axis.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is that a FOV angle may beadjusted from a relatively wider FOV angle having a relatively lowermagnification to a relatively narrower FOV angle having a relativelyhigher magnification to effectively achieve co-axial optical zoom. Thisoptical zoom magnification is a result of disproportionately projectingimage information onto a sensitive focal plane such that a relativelysmaller portion of the central image is projected onto a relativelylarger portion of the sensitive focal plane area, and such that arelatively larger portion of the peripheral image is projected onto arelatively smaller portion of a sensitive focal plane area.

Preferred embodiments of the present disclosure use two discretemagnification selections such as wide and zoom, wherein each oneproduces a photographic image having relatively similar pixilatedresolution. For example a wide angle FOV image selection is 1×magnification, and a narrow angle FOV zoom is 3× magnification.Alternate embodiments deliver a larger number of magnificationselections or zoom choices in between these lower and uppermagnifications.

Preferred embodiments of the present disclosure make use of lens opticsto disproportionately project image information onto a uniformly andsymmetrically proportioned sensitive focal plane detector. That is tosay that across a pixilated focal plane the pixels are of approximatelysimilar spatial arrangement. Such a manmade array is dissimilar from aneagle's retina wherein sensing rods are more closely spaced in oneportion, thereby providing an effect of optical zoom in that portion ofthe retina. Alternative embodiments may employ disproportioned spatialsensitivity on a manmade detector more like that of an eagle's retina.This is an alternative from entirely depending on lens designs toachieve disproportionate image information.

A preferred embodiment uses a custom lens optics disproportionatelyproject image information onto a sensitive focal plane. FIG. 2 diagramrepresents an axisymmetric projection of disproportioned imageinformation on a sensitive focal plane detector including the following:detector 10, centerline 12 or center pixel 12, zoom image informationregion 14, corner 16, corner 18, circle 20, circle 22, and circle 24.

Lens centerline 12 and focal plane center pixel nearest centerline 12 ona pixilated detector 10 are coincident or at least proximate.

Wide angle FOV circle 20 approximately touches the four corners of thedetector 10 and the centerline 12 from the lens passes very near thecenter of the detector 10.

Distorted central image information circle 22 represents alens-magnified image area on detector 10. If the central image were notlens-magnified and instead that portion of the wide angle FOV circle 20image were uniformly magnified with the same magnification as theperiphery of wide angle FOV circle 20 then that central image would onlycover a smaller area represented by the undistorted central imageinformation circle 22.

According to this embodiment of the present disclosure the custom lensarrangement is used to disproportionately project image informationrepresented between circle 22 and circle 20 such that image informationcontinuity is projected in the area between circle 24 and circle 20.Image information continuity herein refers to negligible gaps oroverlaps in distorted image information.

To further demonstrate this exemplary description using the diagram ofFIG. 2, one might select a diameter of circle 24 that is two times thediameter of circle 22, and select a diameter of circle 20 that is threetimes the diameter of circle 22. These selections yield an area ofcircle 22 that is ˜11% of the area of circle 20, the area of circle 24that is ˜44% of circle 20. Therefore in this example the central imagearea GOV is expanded from ˜11% if this were a uniformly proportionedimage to ˜44% image area in this disproportioned image. That is anincrease of ˜400% area on the sensitive focal plane. Also in thisexample an image periphery, which is a remainder of the image outside ofthe central area, is confined to a correspondingly reduced area.

Disproportionate projection is demonstrated in this example wherein acircumference around the central image area is doubled from thecircumference of circle 22 to the circumference of circle 24 and whereina circumference around the entire image area GOV remains at circle 20.

Preferred embodiments use lens optics to produce disproportionatelyprojected image information having continuously changing magnificationwherein the image magnification is greatest in vicinity the centerline12 and least in vicinity of peripheral boundary circle 20. Sensitivefocal plane location of corner 16 is intended to diagrammaticallyrepresent a corner portion of the sensitive focal plane where imageinformation is magnified least as one expects in vicinity of boundarycircle 20. Dotted line of zoom image information region 14diagrammatically represents a geometric periphery of an area on thesensitive focal plane from which magnified image information iscollected. In practice a shape of this geometric periphery is not trulyrectangular. Instead it is typically barrel shape or sail shapedepending on lens optics and focal plane geometry, due image distortionscaused by projecting the disproportionate central image information onsensitive focal plane detector 10 by a custom lens.

Alternate embodiments use lens optics to produce image magnificationthat is relatively constant from a centerline to a radial position invicinity of circle 24 on sensitive focal plane detector 10. Still otheralternate embodiments select lens optics wherein the image magnificationis effectively stepped and wherein care is taken to minimize falseinformation from concurrently overlapping or gapping image projectionson the sensitive focal plane.

Preferred embodiments use axisymmetric lens optics to producedisproportionately projected image information.

Alternate embodiments use not-axisymmetric lens optics. One suchalternate uses one or more lenses having two-axis bilateral symmetry asdiagrammatically shown in FIG. 3 wherein elliptical foci 46 depict thetwo axes. FIG. 2 information is similar to FIG. 1 except for anelliptical shape which is applicable to an elongated focal planegeometry. FIG. 2 diagrams an elliptical projection of disproportionedimage information on a sensitive focal plane including the following:sensitive focal plane 30, centerline 32, zoom image 34, corner 36,corner 38, ellipse 40, ellipse 42, ellipse 44, and elliptical foci 46.

Still other alternate embodiments use other geometries which areadequately modeled such that a disproportionate image can be projectedand such that the model may be used to transform detected imageinformation to a reasonable un-distorted representation.

FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 both represent the sensitive focal plane geometry asrectangular which is an often preferred geometry. An alternate geometrycan be used such as pentagonal or hexagonal. Also, the sensitive focalplane itself may be flat, curved, or double-curved. These two aspects,outline geometry and focal plane flatness, are typically constrained bypractices related to a particular detector manufacturing process.

Preferred embodiments of the present disclosure use an infrared imagingdetector type selected by one skilled in the art from available types ofdetectors. There are many types of cooled or uncooled infrared imagingdetector technologies which may or may not be integrated with a field ofview from a visible imaging detector technology.

For example, microbolometer, pyroelectric, and thermopile detectortechnologies may produce electrical signals corresponding to a spatialdistribution of thermal energy projected onto a surface of thatdetector. It is practical to integrate a separate visible imaging camerahaving its own CMOS or other focal plane array.

For another detector technology example, an optomechanical detector maybe designed to produce an optical response from a surface of the thermalimaging detector, wherein the optical response represents thermal imageinformation, and wherein that optical response may be detected on avisible light detector such as a CMOS detector. In the latter casevisible image focused from the field of view might be equal to andaligned with the thermal image information from that field of view.

Designing the apparatus to disproportionately project image informationon the sensitive focal plane is accomplished using lens optics which maybe either a single lens or a combination of lenses. The lens optics maybe fixed without adjustment or they may be adjustable for certainpurposes such as for calibration or for focusing or for alignment.Apparatuses for making such adjustments as these are dissimilar fromapparatuses for relatively larger displacing adjustments as required fortraditional optical zoom adjustments 3.

That is, according to the present disclosure images are intentionallydistorted such that a greater intensity of image information iscollected in a central region than in the outer periphery of a detector.Distortion correction then required in order to undo these things andcreate a well proportioned image result. An essential aspect of thepresent disclosure is a transformation which must be performed on imageinformation produced by the detector wherein the transformationapproximately removes the appearance of image distortion in finalpictorial representations of image information.

The transformation contains a mathematical algorithm to model ageometric distribution of image information passing through a lensconfiguration onto a detector. Each lens configuration requires aparticular transformation. In practice a transformation is first modeledbased on physical theory, the model is tested empirically, adjustmentsare made to the original model, and it is further tested iterativelyuntil desired image distortion correction is achieved.

Transform validation accomplishes calibration of the optical arrangementto avoid distortion when viewing straight lines.

The distribution of disproportioned image information across thedetector is essentially a result of changing FOV of pixilated segmentsof the detector from the center pixel out to the corners. The algorithmused for image transformation is further used according to the presentdisclosure to compensate for this changing FOV for individual pixels.Near the centerline the pixel FOV is narrow since image information isdistributed over larger detector area. Near the corners pixel FOV iswide since image information is relatively compressed compared to acenter pixel. This FOV variation may vary continuously from centerlineout or may be approximately constant over a span depending on design andconfiguration.

A favorable aspect of the present disclosure is the narrow FOV forpixels in vicinity of a centerline projected along the lens axis. Thisoptimizes center pixel information compared with other images with asimilar detector array. Further, this approach is orders of magnitudesuperior to a spot radiometer with its far larger spot size and itsblindness to anything adjacent to the spot.

For a uniform electromagnetic energy source, whether in visible spectrumor infrared spectrum as appropriate for a given detector, the relativelywider FOV pixels collect more energy per unit time than the relativelynarrower FOV pixels. Therefore a normalization algorithm is applied toimprove image quality and facilitate radiometric calibration of thedetector.

An embodiment of the present disclosure is a radiometric calibration ofa single infrared imaging detector plus lens configuration with opticalzoom capabilities producing wide angle and zoom angle thermal imageswith pixilated temperature information.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a calibration ofpictorial transformation removing image distortion and producing bothwide and zoom angle images from a single imaging detector plus lensconfiguration.

Whether in sequential still shot mode or in live video mode, an angularsweeping movement must yield acceptable consistency for visual orthermal information. Therefore a qualification consideration to passcalibration is the evaluation and tolerance for accepting variation intemperature or image information when a known item is viewed indifferent in-field angles from the centerline to FOV limit.

An aspect of the present disclosure is infrared image normalization.Infrared energy from a uniform source varies with radial position on thearray because custom lens arrangement magnifies the central portion ofthe image. Therefore a process is used to normalize pixel output suchthat the display of an image from a uniform source will appear uniform.

Lens materials with good transmittance for far infrared wavelengths aretypically not good for visible wavelengths and vice versa. There aresome near infrared and visible wavelength ranges where one lens materialcan transmit both wavelengths reasonably efficiently. However forradiometric thermal imaging where temperature information is important,designers commonly select mid-infrared and far-infrared wavelengths thatare usually absorbed by lens materials used for visible imaging. Forthis reason it is common practice to build imagers having parallaxinfrared and visible lens arrangements. Designers often superimpose oroverlay or blend or fuse a visual image together with infrared imageinformation to assist inspectors performing an inspection.

An embodiment of the present disclosure combines coaxial zoom imageinformation coming from two separate lens arrangements and performingtransformation to remove image distortion after said images are combinedat least in part, whether by superposition or by overlay or by blendingor by fusion or by combination thereof For example particular version ofthis embodiment follows a blending example of RedShift Systems whereinan illumination of an infrared energy sensitive focal plane detector iscaptured on a CMOS detector and wherein a visible image is captured onthe same CMOS detector. This approach is particularly advantageousbecause transformation algorithm is performed on the larger imagingarray of the CMOS detector, thereby making best use of disproportionedthermal image information from a relatively lower resolution thermallyresponsive detector array.

The present disclosure uses lenses to project disproportioned imageinformation onto a sensitive focal plane detector. Preferred embodimentsuse a lens having continuously varying optical refraction. Alternateembodiments for varying magnification from center to periphery of thedetector may use multi-focal-stepped or stepped-transitional orprogressive analogous to eyeglass options. An embodiment may even use aFresnel cross section.

A preferred single lens configuration is shown in FIG. 4 and a preferreddual lens configuration is shown in FIG. 4. In the followingdescriptions the word “span” refers to a line revolved about acenterline and the word “position” refers either to a point on acenterline or to a point revolved about a centerline. A preferredembodiment uses axisymmetric designs implying that revolved positionsare circular and that revolved spans are annular, whereas an alternateembodiment uses elliptical geometry instead of circular geometry, andwhereas still other embodiments use a particular geometry design suitedfor a particular detector geometry to receive desired image informationfrom an object.

FIG. 4 diagrams a single lens projecting disproportioned imageinformation on a sensitive focal plane including the following: ray 100,ray 101, ray 102, centerline 103, ray 104, lens 105, span 106, span 107,centerline position 108, centerline position 109, position 110, position111, centerline position 112, centerline position 113, position 115,position 116, span 117, span 118, and detector 119.

FIG. 4 depicts a diagram representation of a custom lens arrangement formagnifying the viewed image on a central portion of a detector 119 suchas a pixilated sensitive focal plane array. Infrared radiation from afield of view covering the span from ray 100 to ray 104 enters lens 105.Custom lens refracts non-uniform magnification of this field of viewsuch that a zoom-in central portion of the field of view representedfrom ray 101 to ray 102 is enlarged to cover a relatively enlargedaerial proportion on detector 119.

Span 106 representing a central image portion from positions 113 to 114on lens 105 is refracted to the surface of detector 119 in span 118 frompositions 112 to 111. Adjacent span 107 from positions 115 to 116 onlens 105 is refracted to the surface of detector array 119 in span 117from positions 111 to 110.

Zoom-in magnification, z, for central image portion from ray 101 to ray102 compared with field of view from ray 100 to ray 104 is thereforeapproximated by the following calculation:

z=(span 118×span 107)/(span 117×span 106).

A line from position 116 on lens 105 to position 110 on detector 119crosses centerline 103 at position 109 below a position 108 where linefrom position 115 on lens 105 to position 111 on detector 119 crossescenterline 103. A distance from position 109 to 108 can potentiallycreate an out of focus on a portion of the image information on detector119. Geometric aspects such as these are mathematically modeled in atransformation algorithm used to translate detector outputs into imagedata.

FIG. 5 diagrams multiple lenses projecting disproportioned imageinformation on a sensitive focal plane including the following: ray 200,ray 201, centerline 202, ray 203, ray 204, centerline position 205,position 206, position 207, lens 208, centerline position 209, span 210,lens 211, span 212, position 213, centerline 214, centerline position215, position 216, position 217, position 218, centerline position 219,position 221, position 222, span 223, span 224, and detector 225.

Those skilled in the art may accommodate aspects of a particular thermalimaging and visible imaging information as these things relate tothermal and visible image detector technology. There are many types ofcooled or uncooled infrared imaging cameras which may or may not beintegrated with visible imaging cameras.

For example, microbolometer, pyroelectric, and thermopile detectortechnologies may produce electrical signals corresponding to a spatialdistribution of thermal energy projected onto a surface of thatdetector. It is practical to integrate a separate visible imaging camerahaving its own CMOS or other focal plane array.

For another detector technology example, an optomechanical detectortechnology may be designed to produce an optical response from a surfaceof the thermal imaging detector, wherein the optical response representsthermal image information, and wherein that optical response may bedetected on a visible light detector such as a CMOS detector. In thelatter case visible image focused from the field of view might be equalto and aligned with the thermal image information from that field ofview.

A preferred embodiment of the present disclosure is implementation ofthe aforementioned coaxial zoom aspects for in-field inspection andsurveillance. Typically this requires a handheld data collection andimaging device such as that portrayed in FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 portrays a survey instrument used for in-field inspectionincluding coaxial zoom including the following: inspection area 302,inspection vicinity 304, point of interest 306, distinguishable item308, distinguishable item 309, centerline 310, zoom FOV angle 312, zoomimage inspection area 314, wide FOV angle 316, wide image inspectionarea 318, imaging survey instrument 320, user controls 322, positiontracking system 324 such as GPS, wireless link 326, display 328,displayed item information 330, displayed point information 332, zoomimage area outline 334, display item information 336, wired link 338,and removable memory 340.

Coaxial zoom is particularly useful in certain in-field inspectionswhere an inspector surveys an inspection vicinity 304 of an inspectionarea 302 as described by Garvey in U.S. Pat. No. 7,454,050 and furthercomprises a point of interest 306 within the inspection vicinity 304.According to the present disclosure the inspector brings the point ofinterest 306 into the zoom FOV angle 316 of an imaging apparatus 320.This achieves relatively greater detail of image information immediatelysurrounding the point of interest 306. Furthermore it gains additionalinformation with relatively lesser resolution from a wider inspectionarea 318 around the periphery of the point of interest 306. For examplethe inspector often identifies one or more distinguishable items 308 and309 which assist the inspector in one or more ways such as establishingdimensional proportion within an image area or making other geometriccomparison as; identifying reference physical information; providing an“A” versus “B” comparison between similar things under similarcircumstances; or indicating reference points for thermal data such asdelta-temperature from ambient or delta temperature between normal andabnormal performance.

The coaxial zoom apparatus is advantageous for producing thermal imagedata for trending over long time intervals. The relatively more intensethermal image data in a zoom image information area 314 is superior andprovides for better accuracy to identify and measure thermal informationthan prior art methods having average and uniform thermal image datadistribution collected using a similar thermal imaging detector. Thisdisclosure improves the usefulness of low cost thermal imaging array,saving expense and complexity.

The identification of at least two points from the distinguishable items308 and 309 and the point of interest 306 is useful for overlaying andotherwise associating multiple images of the same object area. This isparticularly useful for comparing a historical image from memory with anin-field generated image, and for blending, fusing, or overlayingvisible and thermal image information. As previously mentioned, if anydata element record corresponding to any data element requirement ismissing, a survey instrument is typically programmed to prompt theoperator to qualify (collect, correct or explain) the missing data.Often, the survey instrument is programmed to electronically refer to anelectronic base of knowledge to derive an instruction for the operatorregarding how to acquire data corresponding to the missing data elementrequirement. One method for deriving an instruction for the operator isto retrieve an historical image from memory and identify on the imagewhere the missing data element may be collected.

Position tracking system 324, wireless link 326, user controls 322,wired link 338, and removable memory 340 are each in common use forinspection imagers. These devices are included in this description ofthe present disclosure because they are each complementary to usingcoaxial optical zoom for handheld walk-around inspection andsurveillance applications. For example motion tracking or transmittertriangulation or GPS or geosense or laser range detector assists withidentifying location of an inspection vicinity 302 so that an operatormay download information about a point of interest 306 using a wirelesslink. These links, controls, and memory all assist a user of the imagingapparatus 320 in performing an intended inspection or surveillanceoperation focused on a thing of interest 306 within a zoom imageinspection are 314.

Simplified inspection and reporting is an important aspect of thepresent disclosure. Coaxial zoom simplifies the capture and reportingprocess as one can see by comparing a six-step sequence with a 14 stepsequence outlined in Tables 2 and 3 below

TABLE 2 Capture and reporting traditional zoom. Step Traditional zoomsequence: 1 find an object in FOV using imager at relatively lowermagnification, 2 optional focus on the object, 3 capture and view a wideimage of the object, 4 optional annotate the wide angle image withinspection information 5 save wide image, 6 adjust lenses for zoom tofind object in FOV using imager at relatively higher magnification, 7optional focus on object, 8 capture and view a zoom image of the object,9 optional annotate the zoom image with additional inspectioninformation, 10 save zoom image, 11 identify and transfer the wide andzoom images to a computer 12 locate and copy and paste wide image fromcomputer drive to a report, 13 locate and copy and paste zoom image fromcomputer drive to 14 the report, and view, edit, and print the report.

TABLE 3 Capture and reporting with coaxial zoom. Step Coaxial zoomsequence: 1 find an object in FOV using coaxial imager, 2 optional focuson the object, 3 simultaneously capture and simultaneously orsequentially display both a wide image and a zoom image of the object, 4annotate images with inspection information, 5 save a record in imagermemory with a disproportioned image information, with two corrected andproportioned images, and with annotation information, 6 assign therecord to a template which in turn creates an automatic report and sendsthe report to a printer, and sends the record and report to a programmedcomputer.

Inspection with a Survey Instrument.

Route-based inspections are described by Piety in U.S. Pat. No.5,386,117 wherein an infrared camera operator is prompted throughsequential measurement points within a plant environment. Survey-basedinspections are further described by Garvey in U.S. Pat. No. 7,454,050wherein a camera operator is prompted through an inspection of avicinity of an area. The present disclosure supports both approaches andprovides several advantages.

From these listed publications it is apparent that there many ways todetect, locate, and measure many things during a survey. With eachtechnology there are superior, adequate, and inadequate procedures toperform a survey inspecting of a vicinity of an area; there arecapabilities and limitations the suggest preferences among availabletechnologies; and there are associated interferences and othershortcomings. Operators need assistance, guidance, and training tominimize adverse consequences from false negative findings, where anoperator using a survey apparatus failed to detect or locate or performadequate measurement, and from false positive findings where an operatorusing a survey apparatus reported situations that were not correctlydetected or located or problematic.

Alternate embodiments of the present disclosure employ electronicallyreadable tags such as radio frequency identification (RFID) or barcodeor electronically readable memory or the like at locations to beinspected. A selection of which electronically readable tag technologygets used in a given application is based on functional differences,functional requirements, and compatibility with survey instruments,cost, and ease of use. For these alternate embodiments, the operatoruses the survey instrument or another portable device to interrogate theelectronically readable tag to acquire at least identification (ID)associated with that tag at that location and different from other tagsat other locations. The ID is used with programmed logic and a lookuptable to associate other information relevant to that location such asequipment history, component information, location identity, inspectionpoints, alarm status, or similar information helpful for an operator orinspector in performing his or her assigned tasks in this location. Sometypes of electronically readable tags have read and write capabilitywhich is used by survey instrument operators to leave behind informationor coded information regarding operator identity, chronologicalinformation, inspection results, notes, or similar data worthwhile fornotice to others who may electronically read left-behind information.For example location tagging may incorporate RF-ID and or barcode suchas 2D barcode. A tagged leave-behind configuration can provide a form ofdistributed database of information wherein any field worker may use anappropriate electronic reading device to upload to that deviceinformation relevant to items of interest within proximity of theleave-behind point location.

One advantage of the present disclosure inspection on basis of a routeor a survey or both is associated with coaxial zoom imaging wherein aclose up image of a point of interest is captured and saved togetherwith a wider angle view of the same point along with peripheral itemsassociated by proximity with the point of interest. This is particularlyadvantageous when other sensors such as electromagnetic or ultrasonicsurvey sensors also make approximately simultaneous measurements invicinity of this point of interest.

A second advantage of the present disclosure particularly forsurvey-based inspection operations is the ability if desired to record100% of a portion of a survey so that instead of simply delivering anexception-type report, an operator may automatically create acomprehensive report showing everything that was inspected so that onecan later prove with assurance that nothing significant was left out. Inthis case it may be helpful to associate outputs from other surveytransducers with a video image file, such as on the audio track normallytied to an image file, so that a user may replay a set of simultaneousmeasurements.

A third advantage of the present disclosure for route-based inspectionsis map-consciousness of the present disclosure due to availability ofposition tracking This can be used to guide an operator from point topoint along a route, not simply tell the operator where he or she needsto go. This also can be used to validate that an inspection surveyoractually went to every point, at what time, how long was spent there,what measurements were made, and what results were recorded. Temporalawareness, sensing awareness, and spatial awareness of the presentdisclosure are particularly advantageous compared to earlier surveycapabilities.

A fourth advantage of the present disclosure for route-based andsurvey-based inspection is the capacity and capability for aprogrammable survey instrument to use programmed logic in conjunctionwith operational experience captured in a computer accessible base ofknowledge to perform predictable and repetitious tasks and to rely onoperator input on matters of qualitative assessment where information isincomplete or human judgment is required for a reasonableinterpretation. This simplifies the operator's job and thereby enables aless experienced or less well-trained operator to perform morecomplicated surveys while achieving more comprehensive results andreports. The following aspects of the present disclosure make it moreintuitive, simpler to use, and less prone to report false positive andfalse negative indications:

-   -   a. In preferred embodiments the devices and methods are (i)        position tracking sensitive, have (ii) short term memory        covering recent measurement history, and have (iii) programmed        logical rules derived from (iv) a base of knowledge regarding to        a selected type of survey done by a surveyor with a survey        instrument incorporating the short term memory information. The        base of knowledge information in prior art had to be taught in        classes and detailed in user manuals, teaching operators how to        use the survey instrument to perform a survey with primary        teaching focus on what the operator sees and does while reading        the instrument display. For example, in prior art, an operator        using a locator may be called upon to observe and recall recent        measurements while moving or swinging a survey instrument        through a range of forward-backward-forward or left-right-left        motions.    -   b. In preferred embodiments of the present disclosure programmed        logic further identifies problematic conditions encountered by        operators when using survey instruments through use of (v)        programmed logic rules for good and consistent measurement based        on (iv) base of knowledge information such as “difficult        locates” and “interferences” and “obstructions” and “warnings”        described in the base of knowledge.    -   c. In preferred embodiments the present disclosure a survey        instrument display 3 shows an operator (vi) where he or she is        located relative to an earlier position or a reference point A        or B, (vii) where an object of interest D or a point of interest        is detected relative to his or her position or relative to a        reference point A or B. This “you are here” and “it is there”        and “you will find another thing of interest in another place”        capacity greatly simplifies an operator's task while performing        either a route-based inspection or a survey-based inspection.    -   d. In preferred embodiments the present disclosure (viii)        employs the nature of “geosense” associating things of interest        for which the processor in the survey instrument has been        previously programmed with an aspect of proximity compared to        where an operator is located or to where an object of interest        or point of interest E is located while the operator is standing        at a place during an inspection. Effectively, this concept of        geosense avails an operator an opportunity to display various        items within an area G and within a vicinity of an area such as        a radius around point C.    -   e. In preferred embodiments wherein exception-based reporting is        employed the present disclosure reduces immense amounts of data        produced by sensor information from a survey instrument into a        relatively small number of validated using programmed logic and        using multiple sensing techniques and documented findings. The        present disclosure typically uses redundant sensing techniques        to interrogate a vicinity of an area when performing a locate        function or when making a measurement. To accomplish this        programmed processor uses programmed logic with knowledge base        to review short term memory measurements and guide an operator        when performing an inspection (referring to “a”, “b”, and ‘c”        above). An operator uses his or her human judgment to accept and        record findings which become recorded and reportable.    -   f. In preferred embodiments the present disclosure (ix) analyzes        operator responses or stepwise actions in comparison to        programmed logic knowledge base of expected responses or        stepwise actions, then (x) prompting the operator when a        particular action has increased likelihood of producing a false        positive or a false negative result, (xi) providing text or        graphic or audible indication or explanation regarding a        rational for the prompting, (xii) suggesting alternate(s) or        work around(s) or further measurement(s) potentially able to        improve satisfaction or reliability or favorability of results        or findings. In effect these things enable programmed logic        supported by knowledge base associated with a survey instrument        enable the survey instrument to assist an operator by asking a        question similar to this, “Do you know you may have missed        [whatever it may be] because of [whatever the triggering        indication may be]” or “You may be better served by making        redundant measurements using [whatever logic suggests from        available resources]?” or “Do you know this survey instrument is        making measurements outside of its as-calibrated range of        measurements? ” Based on an operator's response a reply        supported by programmed logic is communicated to the operator        and a record is made in electronic memory associated with the        survey instrument and is available for subsequent reading or        reporting.    -   g. In preferred embodiments the present disclosure (xiii) tests        or validates or authenticates operator responses to qualify an        operator's skill or awareness or familiarity or other        qualification and (xiv) programmed logic acts upon this test        result to affect how the survey instrument responds to that        operator's commands. In this as in other question and answer        dialog with an operator, programmed logic is used to create a        record in electronic memory associated with the survey        instrument and is available for subsequent reading or reporting.

Analysis with a Survey Instrument.

The present disclosure is particularly advantageous for inspection andsurveillance wherein the in-field inspector can interpret infrared imageinformation regarding a point of interest 306 and use a programmedprocessor within the imaging apparatus 320 to translate thermal imageinformation combined with additional information into inspectionfindings as described by Garvey in U.S. Pat. No. 7,528,372. Thetranslating thermal image information step typically employs a model.For example the following data in Table 4 is from an unpublishedempirical study performed for Emerson Electric Company by ElecrophysicsInc. In this example, the coaxial imaging apparatus may be programmedwith a model similar to that shown in FIG. 8 wherein axis 402corresponds to delta-temperature data and axis 401 corresponds toresistance data.

TABLE 4 Delta Current Voltage Resistance Power Temperature Temperature(A) (V) (Ohms) (W) (C.) (C.) 0.3 0.698 2.33 0.21 34 l4 0.3 1.03 3.430.31 39 19 0.3 1.354 4.51 0.41 46 26 0.3 1.613 5.38 0.48 49 29 0.3 1.8616.2 0.56 54 34 0.3 2.61 8.7 0.78 68 48 0.3 2.89 9.63 0.87 77 57

FIG. 8 portrays a model for translating coaxial zoom measured valuesincluding the following: model 400, axis 401, axis 402, data points 403,and curve fit line 404. This information may be used to calibrate atranslation of thermal measurements represented by say an abscissa axis402 value into meaningful electrical property values represented byordinate axis 401 using a calibration curve fit line 404 wherein thethermal measurements are made using a radiometric thermal imagingapparatus. For example the abscissa axis 402 may represent a temperatureor a delta-temperature and the ordinate axis 401 may represent anelectrical resistance or a change in electrical resistance.

There are many other survey instrument data analysis applications taughtby Garvey in U.S. Pat. No. 7,528,372 which are suitable for improved byuse of coaxial zoom thermal imaging.

Reporting from an Operator with Survey Instrument to a Customer.

According to preferred embodiments the present disclosure reporttemplates 350 are formatted for ease of use and interpretation. Whitespace in report template 350 is typically used to display informationassociated with nearby images: annotations, time, location, findings,data, apparatus information, ambient temperature, operatoridentification, duration, record storage information, and sequenceinformation. Images 352 to 362 are typically arranged in a logical andregular or standardized order to cause reports to be quickly andeffectively interpreted. These images are normally paired with wide andzoom images adjacent, with visible and thermal images adjacent, and withblended or other visible plus thermal images in a similar logicalarrangement.

According to further embodiments of the present disclosure data,results, and findings from a survey instrument are uploaded periodicallyinto a web-based application.

The present disclosure advances beyond these background analysis andreporting applications primarily in relationship to advancements insurvey instrument methods and apparatuses described above including:record keeping and graphical mapping of survey instrument positiontracking, record keeping and local mapping of a vicinity of an areaassociated with locator usages, incorporation of imaging into locatorsurveys, automatic incorporation of coaxial optical zoom as ameasurement record, uploading and downloading inspection informationthereby facilitating improved inspection default processes, furtheranalyzing data and results to deliver better findings with less falseindications, and customer understandable reports that are immediatelyavailable with improved usefulness.

Wireless uploading and downloading of data and programmable informationbetween a base station or web connection and a survey instrument. Thepresent disclosure uses available wireless infrastructure such ascellular communications or internet service provider services or anothereffective wireless service application to create and establishreasonable communications links between the base station or web link anda survey instrument. Different services and protocol may be used in afield setting compared to an office environment.

Completion of a record reporting process involves prompting or creatingwork tickets and tracking to validate work that is completed. Forexample a survey report that suggests remediation services shouldfurther be appended to show what services are requested, from whatservice provider, status of work completion, cost, materials, furtherfindings. Completion of the services typically is followed byverification of remediation and closure of associated tagged itemswithin a record system.

Records Worth Keeping.

An important aspect of the present disclosure is this many-foldreduction of large source data into a single piece or a few bits ofmeaningful, understandable, and usable information suitable fordocumentation and reporting. Accumulation of libraries of raw data andanalyzed information is useful if these libraries can be parsed,searched, sorted, and interpreted. These things rarely get done unlesssomeone, a human with a purpose, has a concept that what they arelooking for exists and is likely to be found. In practice this approachis hit-or-miss and often incomplete. The present disclosure overcomesthese challenges by parsing, searching, sorting, and interpreting inapproximately real time during the survey while the inspection surveyoris collecting and or analyzing the source data.

What are the steps for many-fold reduction of large source data intosmall bits of meaningful, understandable, and useable information?

-   -   a. An inspection surveyor uses a programmable survey instrument        1 with position tracking enabled wherein an application software        routine accesses a first base of knowledge pertaining to a using        of a survey instrument 1 by an for acceptable survey of the        vicinity of an area,    -   b. an application software routine accesses a second base of        knowledge pertaining to the survey instrument's detector        indications of an object of interest D,    -   c. an application software routine accesses a third base of        knowledge pertaining to the survey instrument's detector        indications of an object not of interest F and how that object        not of interest F might be distinguished from the object of        interest D,    -   d. the surveyor is guided by an application software routine        while inspecting the vicinity of an area performs a locate and        applies a marking associated with an object of interest D,    -   e. an application software routine prompts the surveyor to        capture an image of the marking,    -   f. an application software routine assigns a level of relative        importance to this locate,    -   g. an application software routine assigns and associates a        relationship characteristic to records retained in electronic        memory of the image, the locate, the position tracking, and the        level of relative importance,    -   h. at least the locate, the position tracking, and the level of        importance are transmitted to a peripheral device,    -   i. an application software routine operates on a fourth base of        knowledge pertaining to map information in conjunction with the        position tracking or the locate and performs graphical map        representation of at least the locate in relationship to at        least a portion of the area

Graphical Mapping of a Route-Based or Survey-Based Inspection.

Piety in U.S. Pat. No. 5,386,117 disclosed prompting an operator tofollow a route-based inspection sequence using text instructions toguide an operator. Garvey in U.S. Pat. No. 7,561,200 teaches usingsurvey templates to guide an operator through a survey of a vicinity ofan area wherein that inspector may use GPS to assist with findinglocation information. The present disclosure employs graphical mappingshown on a display (such as 3 or 324) of a survey instrument (such as 1or 320 or 420) to assist an operator with locating the operator'sposition, the boundary of the area of interest G, an object of interestD, a point of interest E, a point not of interest F, in addition toother objects relevant to a survey of a vicinity of an area and spatialinformation such as distance or azimuth or proximity for associatingthese varied items.

A dynamic mapping system like this improves a surveyor's experience bygraphically showing close perspective representation of a vicinity nearan object of interest or a vicinity near an operator or an entire areaof interest or that which is outside an area of interest. A timesequenced recording of map information together with sensor informationcan be used to document a completeness or a lack of completeness for asurvey. This type of record shows exactly what happened, because it isdocumented. It provides a training example for instructing others toperform similar or identical surveys including stepwise sequence forinspection, identification, confirmation, recording, analyzing, finding,reporting, and transmitting.

A mapping capability of the present disclosure enables an operator toenter entirely unfamiliar survey territory with fact based confidencethat survey can be efficiently, accurately and completely performed in aprescribed time interval because the mapping routine accounts fordistances, speeds, and tasks making up the survey covering territorywith which the operator is previously unfamiliar.

This capability exists because programmed logic L operates on a base ofknowledge P having to do with mapping information and on a base ofknowledge 0 having to do with area information associated with a survey.

Documented Uses of Imaging Connected with other Sensor Findings.

Garvey in U.S. Pat. No. 7,706,596 introduces combination of dynamicsignal analysis with imaging analysis. U.S. Pat. No. 7,706,596 isincorporated in its entirety herein by reference. The present disclosurefurther advances the art through such elements as the addition ofimaging with sensor findings and survey proximity details.

According to the present disclosure an operator uses a survey instrumentto inspect a vicinity of an area. Position tracking is employed tomonitor and record positions of the operator or the survey instrumentthrough the survey process. Furthermore a locators-type surveyinstrument locates unseen objects of interest D and not of interest F inpositions relative to the surveyor. Still further, coaxial zoom imagingis used to document close-up aspects and wider view information,typically for an object or a point of interest.

In a preferred embodiment, preformatted reports are automaticallygenerated which provide intuitive and easily understood findings usingside-by-side close-up and wider angle images, sensor outputs, mapinformation, operator findings, and operator notes.

Default Coaxial Zoom Analysis and Documentation.

As explained earlier, certain embodiments of the present disclosure usefixed lens optics to produce disproportioned focal plane imagerepresentation to effectively support creation of coaxial zoom images(close-up and wider angle) wherein a mathematical transformation ofimage data attempts to remove effects of disproportioned focal planeimage information.

In a default setting the present disclosure creates a central image withclose-up perspective with a wider view image with wider-angleperspective each time a snapshot image is triggered. These two imagesare typically automatically reported side-by-side in a documented report(electronic or hard copy) and template formatted adjacent to or inrelational association with other temporal or spatial relevant surveydetails including time, date, location information, measurementinformation, analysis information, findings, and notes.

Strategic Reduction of False or Otherwise Unwanted Indication.

A recurring theme of the present disclosure involves elimination ofsuperfluous data, while clearly and concisely reporting survey resultsand findings. It is uncommon that one needs to document and report 100%of all data, results, and findings from a survey. Instead mostcustomers, parties paying directly or indirectly for the valuableoutputs from a survey, want only the important facts.

For the sake of discussion, we will assume 99.9% of all the data passingthrough a survey instrument is not relevant and the remaining 0.1% isrelevant, valuable, and should be reported. How do you sort out therelevant from that which is not? Simple decimation, keep one value,throw out 999, keep one, throw out 999, and so on, is obviously notgoing to do the job well because the important bit is probably in the999 each time a decimation process tosses out data.

According to the present disclosure programmed logic L operates on basesof knowledge M, N, O, and P to assist an operator during the performanceof a survey, with design to bring the operator's attention to an objectof interest D, while not being misguided by an object not of interest F.Furthermore the logic operating on knowledge assists the operator tofind a point of interest E on the object of interest D.

The strategy of the present disclosure for eliminating large portions ofdata and results, while documenting and reporting in concise andefficient manner results and findings of greatest importance involves(i) using the programmed logic operating on bases of knowledge toperform well characterized, predictable, and fully understood functionsperformed during a particular survey, and (ii) using operator logic inthe form of experienced human judgment to oversee the prudentapplication of programmed logic operating on bases of knowledge toperform these tasks and to make selections and determinations raised bythe programmed logic. This strategy simply stated is to use theprocessor programmed with logic to do what it does best, perform definedquantitative repetitive processes, while using the human for what ahuman does best, perform qualitative interpretations to make decisionsbased on relative assessments and incomplete information.

Reports that are Immediately Available with Improved Usefulness.

The present disclosure improves survey reporting practices bysemi-automatic creation of reports having concisely statedunderstandable information. These things are the result of the forgoingsteps and apparatuses.

One way reporting is improved in accordance with the present disclosureis through the use of paired images created using co-axial zoomapparatus, wherein the images are closely associated with temporal orspatial relevant survey details including time, date, locationinformation, measurement information, analysis information, findings,and notes.

Another way reporting is improved in accordance with the presentdisclosure is through strategic elimination of superfluous while clearlyand concisely reporting survey results and findings.

Yet another way reporting is improved in accordance with the presentdisclosure is by use of web-based report templates which receive surveyresults, survey findings, and survey notes associated with temporal andspatial relevant survey details. Such web based application software maybe programmed to combine these details with formatted templates, andcompleted reports may be accessed by customers anywhere at any time.

These report templates may be configured or adapted followingpreferences of individual or collective customers such that eachcustomer receives his or her preferred information in a preferred formatvia a desired media.

Diagrammatic Survey Illustrations.

The FIG. 9 diagram represents a handheld survey instrument withaccessories such as survey instrument 420, belt with accessory clips430, and accessories 440. This illustrates ergonomics, portability,convenience, and adaptability such that a survey instrument is safe,practical and easy to use in a field environment.

FIG. 10 diagram depicts high, low, and sporadic resolution proximitiesto a mark such as mark 450. This mark may be an in situ iconrepresenting a place or location, or representing an operator location,or representing a survey instrument, or another spatially identifiedperson or place or thing. Around mark 450 is a high resolution proximity500 wherein a relatively more intense aggregation of meaningfulinformation gets assimilated. The meaningful information may be measuredeither directly using the survey instrument or an accessory to thesurvey instrument or indirectly such as by use of sensory capabilitiesof a survey instrument or by operator observations or by a combinationamong these. Surrounding a high resolution proximity 500 is a highresolution proximity boundary 501. Outside a high resolution boundary501 is typically a low resolution proximity 502 wherein relatively lowerresolution or relatively lesser amounts of meaningful information areassimilated.

An aspect of the present disclosure involves the assimilating ofmeaningful information within one or more proximate boundaries of a markwhich may be a cursor on a coordinate system or an operator's location.The assimilating step is a process of accumulating first one piece ofinformation, then another, and another, and so on until the operatorstops or until there is not any more meaningful information or availableinformation. A rate of assimilating is normally bandwidth limited. Forexample when meaningful information is first searched within anelectronic base of knowledge and then imported to active computer memoryand displayed on display 3, then a rate limiting step may be a radiotransmission bandwidth limitation when uploading or downloadinginformation between remote locations. For another example whenmeaningful information is collected by surveying a vicinity of an area,identifying objects of interest, locating these objects and associatingthe locations with a frame of reference and a coordinate system, storingthis information in a memory, using programmed logic to read andinterpret the memory and to display the objects on a display 3, then arate limiting step may be a rate of manually surveying the vicinity ofthe area.

Surrounding that proximity is low resolution proximity boundary 503.Outside of that boundary is sporadic resolution proximity 504 which issurrounded by sporadic resolution proximity boundary 505.

Context for data in FIG. 10 is assisted by frame of reference 507,coordinate system 508 and 509, and reference azimuth 510. This figurealso shows data or objects of interest or objects not of interest 511 to521.

A method for gathering relatively higher resolution spatially resolvedquantitative data or other information in a relatively close proximity500 to a mark is an embodiment of the present disclosure. This gatheringprocess can be quick or slow depending on the steps. Sometimes this isaccomplished using a sensory interrogation within a discernableproximity range 501 of a handheld survey instrument. In this case anoperator using a survey instrument typically observes a display andthereby identifies things of interest from things not of interest. It iscommon for sensor measurement characteristic such as a signal strengthor a signal accuracy or a signal-to-noise ratio to diminish withdistance or distance-squared or distance-cubed.

In another circumstance the operator imports and displays quantitativedata or other information is requested from a historian or otherdatabase such that spatially resolved information is requested,identified based on proximity to a coordinate, and delivered to therequestor and a relatively greater concentration of data or otherspatially resolved information comes in nearby mark 450 in proximity 500within a time interval than what is received in the next outer annularproximity 502. An operator may move a cursor type mark 450 on thedisplay and witness the uploading of data or other information ofinterest as it populates proximities 500 and 502.

Outbound of proximity 502 where relatively low resolution of informationaccumulates FIG. 10 depicts proximity 504 wherein data accumulationbecomes less intense and more sporadic.

FIG. 11 diagram shows examples of triangulation. A marker such as mark450 may be physically located in a frame of reference 507 using at leasta portion of the following: a coordinate system 508 and 509, referenceazimuths 510, 552, and 555, reference points 555, 557, and 560,reference angles 558, 563, and 565, and reference distances 566, 559,561. Those skilled in the art of geometric locating understand howphysical locations, angles, and distances such as these may be used tolocate a mark 450 and associate it within a system of coordinates 508and 509.

FIG. 12 depicts an accumulation of high resolution data as a survey ismarked off from a mark with high, low, and sporadic resolutionproximities 603 to a similar mark 605. This figure shows a frame ofreference 507, coordinate system 508 and 509, reference azimuth 510, anobject or a point of interest or a point not of interest represented byeach of V, W, and X, a high resolution data collection region 610, a lowor sporadic resolution data collection region 615, and a boundary forarea of interest G.

FIG. 12 shows how an operator may build up an accumulation of meaningfulmeasurand data or other relevant information on a display for a surveyinstrument by walking a survey route carrying a sensory surveyinstrument or by moving a display cursor type marker along the areasshown between markers with proximities 603 and 605. This process may beextended, repeated, or stopped and restarted, as desired by an operatoruntil the operator feels a survey is sufficiently complete.

FIG. 13 depicts stitching to join images and other spatially resolvedinformation. Stitched images and other information can be displayed foroperator viewing in a format of choices such as opaque orsemi-transparent overlay, or such as symbolic identifier, or such astext or graphical messaging. Shown in this figure are a frame ofreference 507, coordinate system 508 and 509, a reference azimuth 510,multiple images 715, 720, and 725, a mark with high, low, and sporadicresolution proximity data 750, a coaxial higher resolution data 730, anda coaxial lower resolution data 740.

A coordinate system 508 and 509, an azimuth 510, and a frame ofreference 507 may be used to accomplish steps of proportioning ororienting or distorting as needed for each item with respect to thethings reflected on the display. In this case the term item refers to animage 715, 720, 725, and data set 730 and 740, or proximity information603.

Alternatively stitching may be manually assisted by an operator on thedisplay of a survey instrument typically using observation, overlay,proportioning, distortion, and orientation tools to arrange each item inposition on the display.

FIG. 14 depicts a safety inspection of a right of way. Included withthis figure is a frame of reference 507, a coordinate system 508 and509, reference azimuth 510, a mark with high, low, and sporadicresolution data proximities 603 and 605, a right of way 755, and aninspection pattern 760. An operator accumulates the information neededto accomplish a safety inspection by choosing a logical pattern 760 andfollowing that pattern by walking it carrying a survey instrument.Alternatively or additionally an operator may indicate a pattern 760 ona display for a survey instrument and allow time for the instrument toaccumulate high, low, and sporadic resolution data or other informationfrom a historian or other database having base of knowledge.

Substantial advantages for mapping out inspection pattern 760 andrecording observations, data and other information in this spatiallyassociated arrangement include: ease of reporting (see FIG. 7), asupervisor may review the accuracy and completeness of the safetyinspection, a programmed logic (see FIG. 1 item L) in the handheldsurvey instrument may prompt an operator to look for a specific thingsuch as an latch condition or an operational state or a physicalclearance, one may bring up some or all of the findings and observationsfrom this and earlier surveys or safety inspections nearby to thislocation.

FIG. 15 depicts a safe boundary around a potential fault. Included withthis figure is a frame of reference 507, a coordinate system 508 and509, a reference azimuth 510, a mark 450, a circular safe boundary 770,a radius of circular boundary 775, a non-circular safe boundary 780, andone or more characteristic(s) of non-circular boundary 785. Acombination of good judgment and safety regulations may be used tosuggest for an instrument designer or for an in-field operator whatcharacteristics of a boundary 770 and 775 should be for a particulartype of fault.

In summary, a one embodiment of the present disclosure is a method andapparatus for assisting a surveyor to conduct a survey of a vicinity ofan area comprising inspecting using a programmable survey instrumentsupported by programmed bases of knowledge regarding the instrument andthe survey and the area, using the programmed logic operating oninstrument's memory including measurements and operating on the bases ofknowledge to guide the surveyor through a successful survey of thevicinity of the area. The method is useful for an experienced and for aninexperienced operator for conveyance of information useable by theoperator about following a well defined process and about avoidingunproductive or misleading or incorrect steps following a well definedsurvey or inspection process. Examples of operating on the bases ofknowledge include the following:

-   -   operating on an electronic base of knowledge to locate objects        of interest and not of interest to guide the surveyor,    -   operating on an electronic base of knowledge to compile a        checklist to guide the surveyor,    -   operating on an electronic base of knowledge to prepare a map to        guide the surveyor,    -   operating on an electronic base of knowledge to specify        instrument settings to guide the surveyor, and    -   operating on an electronic base of knowledge to prepare        step-by-step instructions to guide the surveyor.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a method and apparatusfor graphically displaying operator position tracking information andgraphically displaying object of interest locate information on agraphical display for a handheld survey instrument. The operatorposition tracking information is normally accomplished using one or moreof the position tracking systems described below. The locate informationaction is normally accomplished using surveying transducers which aretypically remote, non-contact, non-intrusive and non-destructive sensingdetectors used to detect, locate, characterize, dimension, or otherwisemeasure an aspect of an object of interest. By graphically displayingsaid information, the operator may select one way of many different waysavailable to accomplish route or survey or more general inspection whilestill accomplishing a complete and well-defined sequential or parallelprocess. The graphically displaying method improves or maximizes levelsor amounts of information available to assist an operator to makerelevant decisions during and about this process. The method makes useof location and direction information to guide an operator. The displaytypically presents a general 2D or 2D aerial view plus depth or other 3Dperspective representation of a vicinity of an area. One aspect of theperspective representation is an ability to expand around a region ofinterest such as a cursor on the display or a measurement location.

A base of knowledge associated with the region of interest makes storesrelevant information useful for prompting an operator. Such relevantinformation may include facts about previous exposure to this region ofinterest, dangers or other warnings linked to this location or itsvicinity, and limit information regarding data that is out of bounds.Frame of reference for location and direction is typically associatedwith a positioning system based on geometric alignment technique such astriangulation.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a method and apparatusfor using fixed lens optics in a programmable surveying instrument toperform coaxial zoom wherein the fixed lens optics produces a distortedimage representation, the programmable survey instrument mathematicallytransforms the distorted image information and a result is the automaticcreation of first and second simultaneous images, wherein the firstimage is a relatively enlarged view of a central portion and the secondimage is a relatively wider angle view in a generally coaxialperspective. Further applications of this embodiment involve imagestitching and data accumulation wherein image stitching involvesconnecting images or portions of adjacent or overlapping images suchthat the combination covers expanded spatial area and wherein dataaccumulation involves building up tightly spaced data in the vicinity ofa center pixel

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is an efficient andeffective method for conducting inspections or surveys assemblingmeasurement data and associated information to both prompt an operatorto make a decision and to automatically producing concise, meaningful,and useable survey reports by

-   -   a. using a programmable survey instrument with programmed bases        of knowledge regarding the instrument and the survey and the        area, and by using programmed logic operating on the bases of        knowledge and on survey instrument responses to sensor outputs        and to operator inputs,    -   b. guiding a operator using the survey instrument by        instructional prompting during the survey wherein        -   i. one prompt guides the operator by question and answer to            avoid a possible interference or obstruction or other false            indication,        -   ii. another prompt alerts or confirms in a fail vs. pass            mode using a programmed logic to validate a sufficient level            of detail is completed to satisfy a predetermined or            prequalified successful inspection or survey result,        -   iii. another prompt guides the operator by instructional            prompting to attempt to improve a locate or measurement            performance,        -   iv. another prompt suggests the operator accept a level of            importance for a locate result, and        -   v. another prompt guides the operator through a locate            record completion.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a method or apparatuswherein a survey instrument uses programmed logic to analyze operatorresponses or stepwise actions in comparison to programmed logicknowledge base of expected responses or stepwise actions and then actsupon that analysis to promote improved operator practices or an improvedlocate or measurement or result or finding.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a method or apparatusfor a programmed survey instrument to make use of a base of knowledgeinformation such as “difficult locates” and “interferences” and“obstructions” and “warnings” described in the base of knowledge toassist a user in avoiding false negative and false positive indications.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a “been here before”capability wherein a coordinate system based association of spatiallyresolved data and other relevant information is displayed in proximitiesto a mark such as a cursor on a coordinate display or such as a physicallocation of an operator holding a survey instrument.

The foregoing descriptions of embodiments have been presented forpurposes of illustration and exposition. They are not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed.Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the aboveteachings. The embodiments are chosen and described in an effort toprovide the best illustrations of principles and practical applications,and to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize thevarious embodiments as described and with various modifications as aresuited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications andvariations are within the scope of the appended claims when interpretedin accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, andequitably entitled.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for an operator to conduct a surveyusing a programmed survey instrument comprising: generating a transducersignal in the survey instrument; electronically comparing the transducersignal with a base of knowledge to identify an object of interest; usingprogrammed logic to prompt the operator for an interpretation by theoperator of an accuracy of the identification of the object of interest;using programmed logic to record an operator interpreted findingregarding object of interest; and reporting the recorded finding.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the base of knowledge further comprises onebase or several bases including one or more of the following types ofinformative data in an electronically accessible format: a. a base ofknowledge containing logical data regarding aspects of sensoryinstrumented apparatus typically used during a survey; b. a base ofknowledge containing logical data regarding aspects of survey conditionsand techniques typically used during a survey; c. a base of knowledgecontaining logic accessible aspects of cartography information systemtypically used during a survey; d. a base of knowledge containing logicaccessible positioning or tracking or boundary reference informationused during a survey; and e. a base of knowledge containing logicalreference data used for tracking during a survey.
 3. A method ofcollecting information regarding a scene depicted on a display of asurvey instrument comprising: defining a point of interest in a scene onthe display; collecting sensory data from the scene wherein a largerquantity of data is collected proximal to the point of interest and asmaller quantity of data is collected distal from the point of interest.4. The method of claim 3 wherein the point of interest is defined by acursor positioned by the operator.
 5. The method of claim 3 wherein thepoint of interest is defined by a cursor positioned by softwareoperating in the survey instrument.
 6. The method of claim 3 wherein thepoint of interest is defined at least in part by a duration of timeduring which an operator views a region of the scene.
 7. A method forconducting a survey to locate a point of interest or to locate an objectof interest using a programmed survey instrument having programmedlogic, the method comprising: a. using at least one sensory transducerto produce at least one sensory signal response; b. using the programmedlogic to processing the at least one sensory signal response to producesensory characteristic information derived from at least a portion ofthe at least one sensory signal response; c. using the programmed logicto perform a mathematical statistical control analysis or a statisticaldistribution analysis of the sensory characteristic information; d.using programmed logic to compare the mathematical statistical controlanalysis or the statistical distribution analysis with an expectedresult; and e. prompting the operator if the comparison suggests a falsepositive or a false negative indication.
 8. The method of claim 7wherein the point of interest is a point of interest having an anomalousaspect and the object of interest is a substance or structure.
 9. Themethod of claim 7 wherein the base of knowledge comprises data in anelectronically accessible format selected from the group consisting of:i. data regarding aspects of sensory instrumented apparatus typicallyused during a survey; ii. data regarding aspects of survey conditionsand techniques typically used during a survey; iii. data regardingaccessible aspects of cartography information system typically usedduring a survey; iv. data regarding accessible positioning or trackingor boundary reference information used during a survey; v. referencedata used for tracking during a survey; and vi. combinations of two ormore thereof.
 10. The method of claim 7 wherein the at least one sensorysignal response in step (a) comprises: i. a sensory signal from asensory transducer that is selectively responsive to a sensory proximityin relation to an anomalous aspect commonly associated with a point likethe point or interest; and ii. a sensory signal from a sensorytransducer that is selectively responsive to a substance or a structurecommonly associated with an object like the object of interest.
 11. Themethod of claim 7 further comprising prompting the operator to use anoperator input to validate or amend or reject the suggested finding. 12.The method of claim 7 further comprising using programmed logic toaccess associated additional information to assist the operatorconducting the survey wherein the associated additional information isselected from the group consisting of: i. information associated byproximity to the survey area; ii. information associated by proximity tothe survey instrument; iii. information associated by proximity to thepoint of interest; iv. information associated by proximity to the objectof interest; v. information associated by proximity to a markerassociated with a cartographic representation of at least a portion ofthe region of interest; and vi. combinations of two or more thereof.